HIF-1 alpha (556-574) is a hypoxia-inducible factor-1 19-mer fragment. HIF-1 functions as master regulator of response to oxygen homeostasis. Hypoxia-induced gene expression is initiated when HIF-1subunit is stabilized in response to a lack of oxygen. This part of HIF-1 binds to the von Hippel-Lindau factor (VHL) an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and the proline 564 is absolutely vital to the binding process.

Alexamorelin Met 1 is one of the metabolites of alexamorelin. The heptapeptide Ala-His-D-2-methyl-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 (Alexamorelin) is a synthetic molecule which inhibits growth hormone secretagogue binding in vitro.

Propiverine is a widely used antimuscarinic drug with a mixed mode of action in the treatment of symptoms associated with overactive bladder (OAB).